pregnancy loss
pregnancy loss 
Patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent early fetal loss need education and support from their practitioner. Many controversies exist as to whether any intervention should be given on the basis of a suspected cause because of a lack of scientific proof of therapeutic efficacy in many areas. Chromosomal aberrations occur in early rather than in late preganancy. Age is one risk factor for having pregnancies affected by chromosomal abnormalities.
Controversies exist among uterine anatomic abnormalities as causes for recurrent preganancy loss. Also, the idea that hormonal problems cause RPL is controversial.
However, a few recommendations for evaluation and management based on current practices are listed below.
Genetic Causes:
· Perform karyotyping of parents with family or personal history of genetic abnormalities.
· Perform karyotyping of the abortus in recurrent case.
· Provide genetic counseling for families with recurrent loss or familial history of genetic disease.
· In patient with a high risk for recurrent, chromosomally abnormal conceptus, discuss the options of PGD.
